Normal Distribution Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 4000 words

Normal Distribution - Essay Example From the results obtained a conclusion is drawn as to whether normal distribution curves are suitable for analysing any system behavior. A normal distribution curve is one of the most commonly used statistical tools. Many natural phenomena conform to a normal distribution with most elements clustering at the centre and a few extremes on the right and the left. Normal distribution is also called Gaussian distribution or the bell shaped distribution as the resulting graph has a bell shaped nature. Data tends to cluster near the mean or the average. The bell shaped curve is a probability density function with a peak at the mean. During the study of system behavior, the random variable is used to describe the unpredictable outcome. When a survey or an experiment is carried out, the data collected is also referred to as a variable. Variables can be classified as discrete random variable or continuous random variable. Discrete random variable consists of a set of data that takes discrete values that is, the values can be counted. These values are finite and denumerable. Continuous random variables are on the other hand are not denumerable (Cary 2008). Normal distribution has been used extensively in natural and social sciences and also in the evaluation of statistical data. It great use is derived from the fact that it's a simple model that represents complex data (Feller, 1968). LITERATURE REVIEW Abraham De Moivre introduced the normal distribution in the year 1733; this was printed in his book 'the doctrine of chances' in 1738. He used the normal distribution to evaluate large binomial distribution. The normal distribution theory was later extended by Laplace in 1812 to form the theorem of De Moivre-Laplace. Laplace used normal distribution to evaluate analytical errors during his experimental work. Gauss in 1809 used the method to analyse his astronomical work while Legendre used the method in 1805. The term bell shaped distribution function was first used by Esprit Jouffret in 1872 and later the graph was referred to as the normal distribution by Charles Pierce and Francis Galton. Normal distribution has been extensively used to study scientific and natural phenomena as well as analyse statistical data. The method is however not appropriate for the study of all phenomena, instead other distribution are preferred in some cases. The other popular distributions are the binomial and poison distribution. In light of this, the researcher seeks to subject a given collected data to normal distribution and determine its practicability and adaptability in the evaluation of a given system behavior. The researcher will collect data and from this data, draw the normal distribution curve and tests it overall suitability as a statistical tool. OBJECTIVES The main objective of this study is to determine whether the normal distribution curve is the most suitable method of analysing a system behavior. In this case, the number of emails sent per day. The specific objectives are; Collect the data. Calculate the mean,

Western Australia economy Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Western Australia economy - Essay Example The economy of Western Australia is rich in resources.The development of economy of this State has been highly influenced by resources boom since 1890s.During the past few years,the industry of Western Australia’s resources had enjoyed excellent conditions instigated by its prevailing commodities’ demand in the international market The objective of this paper is to evaluate the probable effect of the commodity market boom in the Western Australian economy’s sector of the iron ore. The iron ore production in the Western Australian economy explicates 97% of total production in Australia. Most of the iron ore produced in Australia is predominantly exported to Asian market. Following the speedy growth during the last ten years in mainland China, Australian iron ore’s export market has significantly developed in China. This information is evident from the export amount in the year 2010 that amounted to 70 percent of the total iron ore in Australia. The followin g diagram represents the export figures of iron ore from Australia to the Asian market as compared to the rest of the world2. Source: 2. Effect of Increase in Demand for Iron-Ore in Western Australian Economy The production factor of iron ore in the Western Australian economy is primarily dependent on the demand prevailing in the Chinese market for iron ore. Development in the Chinese construction and industry sector is the major cause of increased demand of iron ore in China. As a result of the demand prevailing in China for iron ore with the expectations of even higher demand in the near future, the prices in the Australian iron ore will attain all time high this year, i.e., in 2011. According to the market expectations in Australia, the spot market price on an average for iron ore in the year 2011 would increase to US$153-US$154 from US$146 in the year 2010. The expected price increase for iron ore is generated by the steel output in higher amount due to increasing demand in the growing economy of China3. Source:4 The above figure illustrates the production of crude steel on a monthly basis in different countries. The illustration reveals that the steel production in China has been the highest compared to other countries of the world. From meeting up the demand for iron ore from the Asian market, especially China, Australian manufacturers are producing iron ore by utilizing their maximum capacity for exports. In this scenario, production of the optimum level of output for satisfying the international market’s demand is a matter of concern for the Australian manufacturers of iron ore. As the demand at present in the Asian market is expected to remain constant or even increase in the coming 15 years, the only concern for Australian market is to bank upon the amount of production5. The theory of isoquants and isocosts is applicable for this Australian scenario regarding the production of the optimum quality pertaining to the prevailing demand in the Asi an market. A clearer prospect of the theories can be evolved after explanation of the input requirements in the commodity production with reference to the input demand and prices. The most important inputs for production of iron-ore in Australia are capital and labor. As the concern for the Australian market is to produce maximum amount of iron ore through finding the optimum combination of the inputs required for production, implementation of the concept of isoquants would be most helpful for the economy. An isoquant is that curve which depicts all efficient combination of inputs such as capital and labor by considering their technological efficiency. The quantity to be produced remains constant, but the combinations of

Instrumental analysis and testing of counterfeit Viagra suspected to Essay

Instrumental analysis and testing of counterfeit Viagra suspected to contain amphetamine - Essay Example phRMA has requested China, Mexico, Indonesia, Lebanon and many countries in the Central America to have a close watch on the drugs used in their countries. They have also warned those countries that the illegal drugs were found to get originated from Czech Republic, Sweden and Switzerland. (Oslen et al., 2002).The Drug manufacturer take many necessary steps to prevent counterfeiting of the drugs but their efforts are getting veined off because of the different methods that they adopt in trade and their distribution systems are very complex for tracing off. The illegal drug manufacturers are very smart enough to steal the name, basic formula, holograms and are able to prepare the counterfeit drug very smartly as the real drug. This has become a head ache for all the drug manufacturers. The only possibility for them is to develop analytical methods that can easily identify the authentic and fake products through simple testing methods. Sildenafil Citrate is a drug that is used to treat the pulmonary arterial hypertension and erectile dysfunction. Its Brand Name is Viagra, developed and marketed by Pfizer.the chemical composition of Sildenafil citrate is 1-( [3- ( 6, 7- dihydromethyl -7- oxo -3- propyl -1H – pyrazolo [4,3 - d] pyrimidin – 5 – yl ) - 4- ethoxy – phenyl ] sulfonyl ])- 4 – methyl piperazine. Viagra is used as a novel oral medicine for penile erectile dysfunction, the inability to keep hard erect penis for satisfactory sexual intercourse. Sildenafil citrate inhibits the cyclic guanosine monophosphate- specific phosphodiesterase present at the penis and making the cGMP to get accumulated at the corpus cavemonsum. This pill when taken inside, starts its effect after the twenty minutes of inhalation and lasts up to three hals lifes ( 18 hours ). Viagra came in to the market by 1998 after the US Food and Drug Administration approved it. Viagra was recommended for Erectile dysfunction as the over the counter drug. By the year 2002, Viagra sales accounted for about 92% of the global market for the pill to treat erectile dysfunction. The safety of this medicine was established in many pre- and post- approval studies. Phosphodiesterase family type five classes.(PDE). The PDE - 5 class receptors are found in corpus cavernoscum, platelets, skeletal muscle, vascular and visceral muscles. Of these at penis there are larger amount of PDE-5 than any other region. PDE-5 breaks down cGMP which causes the contraction of the penile arteries and smooth muscles. As the chemical structure of sildenafil is similar to the cGMP, the binding of sildenafil inhibits the cGMP from binding to the PDE-5 through the competitive inhibition mechanism. (McCullough, 2002). Amphetamine is a phenlyethylamine class drug that acts as a psycho stimulant drug. This drug is generally used as a performance enhancer. Amphetamine is found to increase the energy level, wakefulness and they are able to make the body work even at appetite an d fatigue conditions. Because of these characteristics Amphetamine is chosen as a counterifeit drug for Viagra by the illegal drug manufacturers. In the counterfeit Viagra’s, Sildenafil was present at lower concentration and the other drugs such as amphetamine, methamphetamine and ring substituted analogs. A rapid screening technique is essential for the quick identification of the counterfeit drug from the real ones. Various

Comparison Report Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Comparison Report - Assignment Example The figure 2 below is a contemporary piece that is similar to the French directoire style. On the case of this piece, a fabric will not be needed for the sake of upholstering it because it is a table that does not have such requirements. If it were a chair, however, voile would be the most preferable fabric for it. There are a number of similarities that appear in the two architectural pieced selected for the purposes of this assignment. For example, all the pieces have minimal carving and are characterized by highly grained veneers (In McPhee, 2015). Only one difference is prevalent. The French directoire does not have as much decorative painting as the latter. OReillys Plaza Art Galleries. (1976).  Steinway Grand piano, antique French directoire, provincial, Regency English furniture, Meissen and oriental objects, oil paintings, silver and oriental rugs\. New York: OReillys Plaza Art

Management Issue Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 1

Management Issue Paper - Essay Example bably consent on is that there are several outstanding issues facing business managers today, irrespective of whether they are running on a multinational organization or a one man plus company (Christiansen 172). Companies today place multiple demands on leaders, requiring them to make difficult decisions, impart vision and initiate change. Managers should be adaptable and flexible to handle these demands. Several business companies have one challenge seen to be the main one in business, for example, leadership. Strongest teams comprise of a variety of workplace personality types from leaders, doers, thinkers and nurtures. Whilst no one category is enhanced than the other, a team works best when mutual respect and genuine, balance for different working styles are present, and it takes a spontaneous and a strong leader to make all these personalities work acceptably together (Christiansen 174). There is no doubt that leadership methods too vary extremely, and some of the successful business leaders of the world’s niceness, go unnoted, for example, Thomas Edison, Steve Jobs and Henry Ford. The good news during a recession, however, is that, according to Daniel Goleman, a psychologist, those managers most likely to triumph during difficult times are those with empathy, tough social skills, and those with the ability to inspire skyscraping performance in others. Goleman’s conclusions to three main qualities to success came after his studies of understanding leaders (Christiansen 182). The three qualities are social awareness, emotional self-control and empathy. A survey among FTS350 organizations by the CBI issued in November 2011 discovered that of the 122 corporate managers who took part, 70 percent said that their confidence level in the economic viewpoint had fallen in the recent 3 months; however, only 30 percent of them believe that their company’s projects have deteriorated. Fifty-seven percent thought their prospects had remained the same and 11

Case study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 14

Case Study Example The US exporter could claim that the supplies were based on contractual agreement and that he did not breach contractual terms. The US exporter should not be made to reduce the cost of the goods if the contract did not state that the exports must all be male liver. The ruling by the arbitrator will depend on the laws of the trade. It will also depend on the kind of contract that existed between the two parties (Sornarajah, 2004). If the west German importer clearly stated that he wanted 100% male liver but received some percentage of the sow liver, then he will have right to have the cost reduced by the US exporter accordingly. The ruling will also depend on thee precedents of the trade. The arbitrator will have to determine whether the distinction of male liver and sow liver as known to both the parties to the trade and whether sow liver was considered of lower price than the male liver. In addition, the religious beliefs and practices would also determine the nature of the ruling (Sornarajah, 2004). International trade poses a challenge because of the different rules of trade between the parties. The arbitrator must be keen to ensure that the ruling is fair and just to all parties. The decision must not be biased to both parties. When entering into contracts, the parties should state categorically their terms without assuming they are

William Shakespeare Sonnets Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

William Shakespeare Sonnets - Essay Example Sonnet 144, 146, 147 and 152 are a few of his completed works and these sonnets carry with them important themes and messages. The theme of love is evident in these sonnets like all of his works. Sonnet 144 mainly discusses the theme of how women are evil owing to the distraction that they provide to men and hence move men away from their faith. The sonnet explains how men are physically attracted to women and Shakespeare considers this attraction to be of threat to pure love. On the other hand, Sonnet 146 carries a spiritual theme and reflects upon the segregation of the soul from the body upon the death of a person. Sonnet 147 explains the theme of illness and how illness drives a person towards depression. The last sonnet in discussion that is sonnet 152 revolves around the confusion of the poet regarding love and whether the love of the dark lady can be trusted and relied upon. The four sonnets carry with them individually very deep themes and meanings which are to be understood by the reader. Sonnets William Shakespeare is one name that fails to be unknown. From children to elderly, whether associated with Literature or not, everyone knows him as a man, who wrote plays and poetry. As general as that sounds, that is the magnanimity of his reputation and fame. To be more precise, William Shakespeare is a person who has contributed to English Literature more than anyone else. In his life, he was known for his plays, theatres and drama, but after his death, the rest of his published work showed that he was a much more intense and qualified poet. The sixteenth century celebrated him and his talents, nevertheless, any celebration or recognition remains small to the size of his contributions. His poetry remains alive today and his sonnets are a perfect example of it. As deep as his sonnets were, they had a certain mysterious element to it. There is a hidden story in each sonnet, yet they all seem connected and extremely personal at the same time. It’s the typical Shakespeare magic. The sonnets discussed in this paper are Sonnet 144, 146, 147 and 152; their complications, themes, story and their whole Shakespeare affect. Sonnet 144’s main theme is about how a woman is an evil figure when it comes to luring men. In this Sonnet, Shakespeare talks about good and bad people and refers them to as the â€Å"two loves† and the â€Å"two spirits†. He is explaining the human nature of men as to how women attract them physically and damage their faith. It somehow reflects the reality of life that no matter what happens; men will always have a desire for women. Shakespeare writes this sonnet with a feeling of threat that he feels from this evil to his â€Å"pure love.† This sonnet clearly explains the war that rages within a man after he falls in love; a war between his spirit and body. And according to this sonnet, the woman is the evil that supports body over the spirit. In short, the woman is like a wall between he ll and heaven. Moving on, sonnet 146 is said to be the only sonnet which has a grave religious element to it. None of the other sonnets by William Shakespeare have that connection to God. This Sonnet, in particular brings out the feeling of â€Å"impending death.† Even though there is no particular mention of God, there is a spiritual and a meditative feel about this. And once again, we witness a battle between the soul and body but in a completely different way. This battle is the detachment that takes place between the body and soul when a person dies. Sonnet number 147 is a different story in whole. It portrays the poet, that is, William Shakespeare as a sick man who is suffering from a disease that involves an excruciating fever. The expression in the sonnet